House Resolution 596
106th CONGRESS, 2ND SESSION
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
REPORTED IN THE HOUSE
2000 H. Res. 596; 106 H. Res. 596
DATE OF INTRODUCTION: September 27, 2000
SPONSOR(S):
Sponsor and Cosponsors as of 10/05/2000
RADANOVICH, GEORGE (R-CA) - Sponsor
BONIOR, DAVID E (D-MI) - Cosponsor
TEXT:
HRES 596 RH
House Calendar No. 296
106th CONGRESS
2d Session
H. RES. 596
Report No. 106-933
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
September 27, 2000
Mr. Radanovich submitted the following resolution; which was referred to
the Committee on International Relations
October 4, 2000
Additional sponsor: Mr. Bonior
October 4, 2000
Reported with an amendment, referred to the House Calendar, and ordered
to be printed
Strike out all after the resolving clause and insert the part printed in
italic
For text of introduced resolution, see copy of resolution as introduced
on September 27, 2000
RESOLUTION
Calling upon the President to ensure that the foreign policy of the
United States reflects appropriate understanding and sensitivity concerning
issues related to human rights, ethnic cleansing, and genocide documented in
the United States record relating to the Armenian Genocide, and for other
purposes.
This resolution may be cited as the "Affirmation of the United States
Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution".
SEC. 2. FINDINGS.
The House of Representatives finds the following:
-
The Armenian Genocide was conceived and carried out by
the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, resulting in the deportation of
nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children
were killed, 500,000 survivors were expelled from their homes, and
which succeeded in the elimination of the over 2,500-year presence of
Armenians in their historic homeland.
-
On May 24, 1915, the Allied Powers, England, France, and
Russia, jointly issued a statement explicitly charging for the first
time ever another government of committing "a crime against humanity".
-
This joint statement stated " i n view of these new
crimes of Turkey against humanity and civilization, the Allied
Governments announce publicly to the Sublime Porte that they will hold
personally responsible for these crimes all members of the Ottoman
Government, as well as those of their agents who are implicated in
such massacres".
-
The post-World War I Turkish Government indicted the top
leaders involved in the "organization and execution" of the Armenian
Genocide and in the "massacre and destruction of the Armenians".
-
In a series of courts-martial, officials of the Young
Turk Regime were tried and convicted, as charged, for organizing and
executing massacres against the Armenian people.
-
The chief organizers of the Armenian Genocide, Minister
of War Enver, Minister of the Interior Talaat, and Minister of the
Navy Jemal were all condemned to death for their crimes, however, the
verdicts of the courts were not enforced.
-
The Armenian Genocide and these domestic judicial
failures are documented with overwhelming evidence in the national
archives of Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, the
United States, the Vatican and many other countries, and this vast
body of evidence attests to the same facts, the same events, and the
same consequences.
-
The United States National Archives and Record
Administration holds extensive and thorough documentation on the
Armenian Genocide, especially in its holdings under Record Group 59 of
the United States Department of State, files 867.00 and 867.40, which
are open and widely available to the public and interested
institutions.
-
The national archives of Turkey should also include all
of the records pertaining to the indictment, trial, and conviction of
the Ottoman authorities responsible for the Armenian Genocide.
-
The Honorable Henry Morgenthau, United States Ambassador
to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, organized and led protests by
officials of many countries, among them the allies of the Ottoman
Empire, against the Armenian Genocide.
-
Ambassador Morgenthau explicitly described to the United
States Department of State the policy of the Government of the Ottoman
Empire as "a campaign of race extermination", and was instructed on
July 16, 1915, by United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing that
the "Department approves your procedure. . . to stop Armenian
persecution".
-
Senate Concurrent Resolution 12 of February 9, 1916,
resolved that "the President of the United States be respectfully
asked to designate a day on which the citizens of this country may
give expression to their sympathy by contributing funds now
-
President Wilson concurred and also encouraged the
formation of the organization known as Near East Relief, chartered by
an Act of Congress, which contributed some $116,000,000 from 1915 to
1930 to aid the Armenian Genocide survivors, including 132,000 orphans
who became foster children of the American people.
-
Senate Resolution 359, dated May 11, 1920, stated in
part, "the testimony adduced at the hearings conducted by the
sub-committee of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations have
clearly established the truth of the reported massacres and other
atrocities from which the Armenian people have suffered".
-
The resolution followed the April 13, 1920, report to
the Senate of the American Military Mission to Armenia led by General
James Harbord, that stated " m utilation, violation, torture, and
death have left their haunting memories in a hundred beautiful
Armenian valleys, and the traveler in that region is seldom free from
the evidence of this most colossal crime of all the ages".
-
Setting the stage for the Holocaust, Adolf Hitler, on
ordering his military commanders to attack Poland without provocation
in 1939, dismissed objections by saying " w ho, after all, speaks
today of the annihilation of the Armenians?".
-
Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term "genocide" in 1944,
and who was the earliest proponent of the Genocide Convention, invoked
the Armenian case as a definitive example of genocide in the 20th
century.
-
Raphael Lemkin described the crime as "the systematic
destruction of whole national, racial or religious groups. The sort of
thing Hitler did to the Jews and the Turks did to the Armenians".
-
The first resolution on genocide adopted by the United
Nations at Lemkin's urging, the December 11, 1946, United Nations
General Assembly Resolution 96(1) and the United Nations Genocide
Convention itself recognized the Armenian Genocide as the type of
crime the United Nations intended to prevent by codifying existing
standards.
-
In 1948 the United Nations War Crimes Commission invoked
the Armenian Genocide "precisely. . . one of the types of acts which
the modern term 'crimes against humanity' is intended to cover" as a
precedent for the Nuremberg tribunals.
-
The Commission stated that " t he provisions of Article
230 of the Peace Treaty of Se AE1vres were obviously intended to
cover, in conformity with the Allied note of 1915. . ., offenses which
had been committed on Turkish territory against persons of Turkish
citizenship, though of Armenian or Greek race. This article
constitutes therefore a precedent for Article 6c and 5c of the
Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters, and offers an example of one of the
categories of 'crimes against humanity' as understood by these
enactments".
-
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights adopted in
1985 a report entitled "Study of the Question of the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide", which stated " t he Nazi
aberration has unfortunately not been the only case of genocide in the
twentieth century. Among other examples which can be cited as
qualifying are. . . the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915-1916".
-
This report also explained that " a t least 1 million,
and possibly well over half of the Armenian population, are reliably
estimated to have been killed or death marched by independent
authorities and eye-witnesses. This is corroborated by reports in
United States, German and British archives and of contemporary
diplomats in the Ottoman Empire, including those of its ally Germany".
-
The tragedy of the Armenian Genocide has been
acknowledged by countries and international bodies such as Argentina,
Belgium, Canada, the Council of Europe, Cyprus, the European
Parliament, France, Great Britain, Greece, Lebanon, Russia, the United
Nations, the United States, and Uruguay.
-
The United States Holocaust Memorial Council, an
independent Federal agency, unanimously resolved on April 30, 1981,
that the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum would include the
Armenian Genocide in the Museum and has since done so.
-
President Reagan in proclamation number 4838, dated
April 22, 1981, stated in part "like the genocide of the Armenians
before it, and the genocide of the Cambodians, which followed it--and
like too many other persecutions of too many other people--the lessons
of the holocaust must never be forgotten".
-
President Bush, in 1988, speaking of the Armenian
Genocide, stated "we must consciously and
-
President Bush, in 1988, stated further " t he United
States must acknowledge the attempted genocide of the Armenian people
in the last years of the Ottoman Empire, based on the testimony of
survivors, scholars, and indeed our own representatives at the time,
if we are to insure that such horrors are not repeated".
-
President Clinton, on August 13, 1992, stated " t he
Genocide of 1915, years of communist dictatorship, and the devastating
earthquake of 1988 have caused great suffering in Armenia during this
century".
-
Reviewing an aberrant 1982 expression (later retracted)
by the United States Department of State asserting that the facts of
the Armenian Genocide may be ambiguous, the United States Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia in 1993, after a review of
documents pertaining to the policy record of the United States, noted
that the assertion on ambiguity in the United States record about the
Armenian Genocide "contradicted longstanding United States policy and
was eventually retracted".
-
Despite the international recognition and affirmation of
the Armenian Genocide, the failure of the domestic and international
authorities to punish those responsible for the Armenian Genocide is a
reason why similar genocides have recurred and may recur in the
future, and that a proper judicial and firm response, holding the
guilty accountable and requiring the prompt enforcement of verdicts
would have spared humanity needless suffering.
-
In a commendable letter on April 9, 1999, Ambassador
Stuart Eizenstat, then Under Secretary of State for Economic,
Business, and Agricultural Affairs, pledged that the administration
would raise with the Republic of Turkey the issue of the recovery of
Armenian assets from the genocide period held by the Imperial Ottoman
Bank.
-
It is important that the President ensure that the
foreign policy of the United States reflects appropriate understanding
and sensitivity concerning issues related to human rights, ethnic
cleansing, and genocide documented in the United States record
relating to the Armenian Genocide and the consequences of the failure
to enforce the judgments of the Turkish courts against the responsible
officials.
SEC. 3. DECLARATION OF POLICY.
The House of Representatives--
-
calls upon the President to ensure that the foreign
policy of the United States reflects appropriate understanding and
sensitivity concerning issues related to human rights, ethnic
cleansing, and genocide documented in the United States record
relating to the Armenian Genocide and the consequences of the failure
to enforce the judgments of the Turkish courts against the responsible
officials;
-
calls upon the President in the President's annual
message commemorating the Armenian Genocide issued on or about April
24 to characterize the systematic and deliberate annihilation of
1,500,000 Armenians as genocide and to recall the proud history of
United States intervention in opposition to the Armenian Genocide; and
-
calls upon the President in the President's annual
message commemorating the Armenian Genocide to state that the modern
day Republic of Turkey did not conduct the Armenian Genocide, which
was perpetrated by the Ottoman Empire.
106th CONGRESS
2d Session
Report No. 106-933
[ANN/Groong
| Introduction
| Administrative
| Current News |
| Comments ]